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the battle of Yarmuk in the year 13 A.H. Their last king Jabala bin Al-Aihum embraced Islam during
the reign of the Chief of Believers, ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab (May Allah be pleased with him).
RULERSHIP IN HIJAZ:
Ishmael (Peace be upon him) administered authority over Makkah as well as custodianship of the
Holy Sanctuary throughout his lifetime. Upon his death, at the age of 137, two of his sons, Nabet
and Qidar, succeeded him. Later on, their maternal grandfather, Mudad bin ‘Amr Al-Jurhumi took
over, thus transferring rulership over Makkah to the tribe of Jurhum, preserving a venerable
position, though very little authority for Ishmael’s sons due to their father’s exploits in building the
Holy Sanctuary, a position they held until the decline of the tribe of Jurhum shortly before the rise of
Bukhtanassar.
The political role of the ‘Adnanides had begun to gain firmer grounds in Makkah, which could be
clearly attested by the fact that upon Bukhtanassar’s first invasion of the Arabs in ‘Dhati ‘Irq’, the
leader of the Arabs was not from Jurhum.
Upon Bukhtanassar’s second invasion in 587 B.C., however, the ‘Adnanides were frightened out to
Yemen, while Burmia An-Nabi fled to Syria with Ma‘ad, but when Bukhtanassar’s pressure lessened,
Ma‘ad returned to Makkah to find none of the tribe of Jurhum except Jursham bin Jalhamah, whose
daughter, Mu‘ana, was given to Ma‘ad as wife who, later, had a son by him named Nizar.
On account of difficult living conditions and destitution prevalent in Makkah, the tribe of Jurhum
began to ill-treat visitors of the Holy Sanctuary and extort its funds, which aroused resentment and
hatred of the ‘Adnanides (sons of Bakr bin ‘Abd Munaf bin Kinana) who, with the help of the tribe of
Khuza‘a that had come to settle in a neighbouring area called Marr Az-Zahran, invaded Jurhum and
frightened them out of Makkah leaving rulership to Quda‘a in the middle of the second century A.D.
Upon leaving Makkah, Jurhum filled up the well of Zamzam, levelled its place and buried a great
many things in it. ‘Amr bin Al-Harith bin Mudad Al-Jurhumi was reported by Ibn Ishaq, the well-
known historian, to have buried the two gold deer together with the Black Stone as well as a lot of
jewelry and swords in Zamzam, prior to their sorrowful escape to Yemen.
Ishmael’s epoch is estimated to have lasted for twenty centuries B.C., which means that Jurhum
stayed in Makkah for twenty-one centuries and held rulership there for about twenty centuries.
Upon defeat of Jurhum, the tribe of Khuza‘a monopolized rulership over Makkah. Mudar tribes,
however, enjoyed three privileges:
·
The First: Leading pilgrims from ‘Arafat to Muzdalifah and then from Mina to the ‘Aqabah
Stoning Pillar. This was the authority of the family of Al-Ghawth bin Murra, one of the septs
of Elias bin Mudar, who were called ‘Sofa’. This privilege meant that the pilgrims were not
allowed to throw stones at Al-‘Aqabah until one of the ‘Sofa’ men did that. When they had
finished stoning and wanted to leave the valley of Mina, ‘Sofa’ men stood on the two sides of
Al-‘Aqabah and nobody would pass that position until the men of ‘Sofa’ passed and cleared
the way for the pilgrims. When Sofa perished, the family of Sa‘d bin Zaid Manat from Tamim
tribe took over.
The Second: Al-Ifadah (leaving for Mina after Muzdalifah) on sacrifice morning, and this was
the responsibility of the family of Adwan.
The Third: Deferment of the sacred months, and this was the responsibility of the family of
Tamim bin ‘Adi from Bani Kinana.
Khuza‘a’s reign in Makkah lasted for three hundred years, during which, the ‘Adnanides spread all
over Najd and the sides of Bahrain and Iraq, while small septs of Quraish remained on the sides of
Makkah; they were Haloul, Harum and some families of Kinana. They enjoyed no privileges in
Makkah or in the Sacred House until the appearance of Qusai bin Kilab, whose father is said to have
died when he was still a baby, and whose mother was subsequently married to Rabi‘a bin Haram,
from the tribe of Bani ‘Udhra. Rabi‘a took his wife and her baby to his homeland on the borders of
Syria. When Qusai became a young man, he returned to Makkah, which was ruled by Halil bin
Habsha from Khuza‘a, who gave Qusai his daughter, Hobba, as wife. After Halil’s death, a war
between Khuza‘a and Quraish broke out and resulted in Qusai’s taking hold of Makkah and the
Sacred House.
THE REASONS OF THIS WAR HAVE BEEN ILLUSTRATED IN THREE VERSIONS:
·
The First: Having noticed the spread of his offspring, increase of his property and exalt of
his honour after Halil’s death, Qusai found himself more entitled to shoulder responsibility of
rulership over Makkah and custodianship of the Sacred House than the tribes of Khuza‘a and
Bani Bakr. He also advocated that Quraish were the chiefs of Ishmael’s descendants.
Therefore he consulted some men from Quraish and Kinana concerning his desire to
evacuate Khuza‘a and Bani Bakr from Makkah. They took a liking to his opinion and
supported him.
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